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544 CHAPTER 22 SQLITE This returns: Name: Jason Gilmore (Employee ID: 1) Ideally, you ll want to use this function when you re working either with result sets consisting of numerous columns or with particularly large columns. sqlite_fetch_single() string sqlite_fetch_single (resource row_set [, int result_type [, bool decode_binary]]) The sqlite_fetch_single() function operates identically to sql_fetch_array() except that it returns just the value located in the first column of the row_set. Tip This function has an alias: sqlite_fetch_string(). Except for the name, it s identical in every way. Consider an example. Suppose you re interested in querying the database for a single column. To reduce otherwise unnecessary overhead, you should opt to use sqlite_fetch_single() over sqlite_fetch_array(), like so: “; } sqlite_close($sqldb); ?> This returns: Employee: Jason Gilmore Employee: Sam Spade Retrieving Result Set Details You ll often want to learn more about a result set than just its contents. Several SQLite-specific functions are available for determining information such as the returned field names, the number of fields and rows returned, and the number of rows changed by the most recent statement. These functions are introduced in this section.
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CHAPTER 22 SQLITE sqlite_array_query() array sqlite_array_query ( resource dbh, string query [, int res_type [, bool decode_binary]]) The sqlite_array_query() function consolidates the capabilities of sqlite_query() and sqlite_fetch_array() into a single function call, both executing the query and returning the result set as an array. The input parameters work exactly like those introduced in the component functions sqlite_query() and sqlite_fetch_array(). According to the PHP manual, this function should only be used for retrieving result sets of fewer than 45 rows. However, in instances where 45 or fewer rows are involved, this function provides both a considerable improvement in performance and, in certain cases, a slight reduction in total lines of code. Consider an example: “; } sqlite_close($sqldb); ?> This returns: Jason Gilmore (Employee ID: 1) Sam Spade (Employee ID: 2) Ray Fox (Employee ID: 3) sqlite_column() mixed sqlite_column (resource result, mixed index_or_name [, bool decode_binary]) The sqlite_column() function is useful if you re interested in just a single column from a given result row or set. You can retrieve the column either by name or by index offset. Finally, the optional decode_binary parameter determines whether PHP will decode the binary-encoded target data that had been previously encoded using the function sqlite_escape_string(). This function is introduced in the later section, Working with Binary Data. For example, suppose you retrieved all rows from the employee table. Using this function, you could selectively poll columns, like so: “; sqlite_close($sqldb); ?>
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542 CHAPTER 22 SQLITE should be referenced by their integer-based position in the row or by their actual name. Specifying SQLITE_NUM enables the former, while SQLITE_ASSOC enables the latter. You can return both referential indexes by specifying SQLITE_BOTH. Finally, the optional decode_binary parameter determines whether PHP will decode the binary-encoded target data that had been previously encoded using the function sqlite_escape_string(). This function is introduced in the later section, Working with Binary Data. Tip If SQLITE_ASSOCor SQLITE_BOTH are used, PHP will look to the sqlite.assoc_case configuration directive to determine the case of the characters. Consider an example: “; } sqlite_close($sqldb); ?> This returns: Name: Jason Gilmore (Employee ID: 1) Name: Sam Spade (Employee ID: 2) Name: Ray Fox (Employee ID: 3) Note that the SQLITE_BOTH option was used so that the returned columns could be referenced both by their numerically indexed position and by their name. Although it s not entirely practical, this example serves as an ideal means for demonstrating the function s flexibility. One great way to render your code a tad more readable is to use PHP s list() function in conjunction with sql_fetch_array(). With it, you can both return and parse the array into the required components all on the same line. Let s revise the previous example to take this idea into account: “; } sqlite_close($sqldb); ?>
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CHAPTER 22 SQLITE Name: Jason Gilmore (Employee ID: 1) Name: Sam Spade (Employee ID: 2) Name: Ray Fox (Employee ID: 3) Keep in mind that sqlite_query() will only execute the query and return a result set (if one is warranted); it will not output or offer any additional information regarding the returned data. To obtain such information, you need to pass the result set into one or several other functions, all of which are introduced in the following sections. Furthermore, sqlite_query() is not limited to executing SELECT queries. You can use this function to execute any supported SQL-92 query. sqlite_unbuffered_query() resource sqlite_unbuffered_query (resource dbh, string query) The sqlite_unbuffered_query() function can be thought of as an optimized version of sqlite_query(), identical in every way except that it returns the result set in a format intended to be used in the order in which it is returned, without any need to search or navigate it in any other way. This function is particularly useful if you re solely interested in dumping a result set to output, an HTML table or a text file, for example. Because this function is optimized for returning result sets intended to be output in a straightforward fashion, you cannot pass its output to functions like sqlite_num_rows(), sqlite_seek(), or any other function with the purpose of examining or modifying the output or output pointers. If you require the use of such functions, use sqlite_query() to retrieve the result set instead. sqlite_last_insert_rowid() int sqlite_last_insert_rowid (resource dbh) It s common to reference a newly inserted row immediately after the insertion is completed, which in many cases is accomplished by referencing the row s auto-increment field. Because this value will contain the highest integer value for the field, determining it is as simple as searching for the column s maximum value. The function sqlite_last_insert_rowid() accomplishes this for you, returning that value. Parsing Result Sets Once a result set has been returned, you ll likely want to do something with the data. The functions in this section demonstrate the many ways that you can parse the result set. sqlite_fetch_array() array sqlite_fetch_array (resource result [, int result_type [, bool decode_binary]) The sqlite_fetch_array() function returns an associative array consisting of the items found in the resultset s next available row, or returns FALSE if no more rows are available. The optional result_type parameter can be used to specify whether the columns found in the result set row
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CHAPTER 22 SQLITE Name: Jason Gilmore (Employee ID: 1) Name: Sam Spade (Employee ID: 2) Name: Ray Fox (Employee ID: 3) Keep in mind that sqlite_query() will only execute the query and return a result set (if one is warranted); it will not output or offer any additional information regarding the returned data. To obtain such information, you need to pass the result set into one or several other functions, all of which are introduced in the following sections. Furthermore, sqlite_query() is not limited to executing SELECT queries. You can use this function to execute any supported SQL-92 query. sqlite_unbuffered_query() resource sqlite_unbuffered_query (resource dbh, string query) The sqlite_unbuffered_query() function can be thought of as an optimized version of sqlite_query(), identical in every way except that it returns the result set in a format intended to be used in the order in which it is returned, without any need to search or navigate it in any other way. This function is particularly useful if you re solely interested in dumping a result set to output, an HTML table or a text file, for example. Because this function is optimized for returning result sets intended to be output in a straightforward fashion, you cannot pass its output to functions like sqlite_num_rows(), sqlite_seek(), or any other function with the purpose of examining or modifying the output or output pointers. If you require the use of such functions, use sqlite_query() to retrieve the result set instead. sqlite_last_insert_rowid() int sqlite_last_insert_rowid (resource dbh) It s common to reference a newly inserted row immediately after the insertion is completed, which in many cases is accomplished by referencing the row s auto-increment field. Because this value will contain the highest integer value for the field, determining it is as simple as searching for the column s maximum value. The function sqlite_last_insert_rowid() accomplishes this for you, returning that value. Parsing Result Sets Once a result set has been returned, you ll likely want to do something with the data. The functions in this section demonstrate the many ways that you can parse the result set. sqlite_fetch_array() array sqlite_fetch_array (resource result [, int result_type [, bool decode_binary]) The sqlite_fetch_array() function returns an associative array consisting of the items found in the resultset s next available row, or returns FALSE if no more rows are available. The optional result_type parameter can be used to specify whether the columns found in the result set row
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540 CHAPTER 22 SQLITE sqlite_close() void sqlite_close (resource dbh) The function sqlite_close() closes the connection to the database resource specified by dbh. You should call it after all necessary tasks involving the database have been completed. An example follows: Note that if a pending transaction has not been completed at the time of closure, the transaction will automatically be rolled back. Querying a Database The majority of your time spent interacting with a database server takes the form of SQL queries. The functions sqlite_query()and sqlite_unbuffered_query() offer the main vehicles for submitting these queries to SQLite and returning the subsequent result sets. You should pay particular attention to the specific advantages of each, however, because applying them inappropriately can negatively impact performance and capabilities. sqlite_query() resource sqlite_query (resource dbh, string query) The sqlite_query() function executes a SQL query, query, against the database specified by dbh. If the query is intended to return a result set, FALSE is returned if the query fails. All other queries return TRUE if the query was successful, and FALSE otherwise. In order to provide a practical example, other functions are used in this example that have not yet been introduced. Not to worry; just understand that the sqlite_query() function is responsible for sending and executing a SQL query. Soon enough, you ll learn the specifics regarding the other functions used in the example. “; } sqlite_close($sqldb); ?> This yields the following results:
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CHAPTER 22 SQLITE The function sqlite_popen() operates identically to sqlite_open() except that it uses PHP s persistent connection feature in an effort to conserve resources. The function first verifies whether a connection already exists; if it does, it reuses this connection; otherwise, it creates a new one. Because of the performance improvements offered by this function, you should use sqlite_popen() instead of sqlite_open(). OBJECT-ORIENTED SQLITE Although this chapter introduces PHP s SQLite library using the procedural approach, an object-oriented interface is also supported. All functions introduced in this chapter are also supported as methods when using the objectoriented interface (however, the names differ slightly in that the sqlite_ prefix is removed from them); therefore, the only significant usage deviation is in regard to referencing the methods by way of an object ($objectname->methodname()) rather than by passing around a resource handle. Also, the constructor takes the place of the sqlite_open() function, negating the need to specifically open a database connection. The class is instantiated by calling the constructor like so: $sqldb = new SQLiteDatabase(string databasename [, int mode [, string &error_message]]); Once the object is created, you can call methods just as you do for any other class. For example, you can execute a query and determine the number of rows returned with the following code: $sqldb = new SQLiteDatabase(”mydatabase.db”); $sqldb->query(”SELECT * FROM employee”); echo $sqldb->numRows().” rows returned.”; See the PHP manual (http://www.php.net/sqlite) for a complete listing of the available methods. Creating a Table in Memory Sometimes your application may require database access performance surpassing even that offered by SQLite s default behavior, which is to manage databases in self-contained files. To satisfy such requirements, SQLite supports the creation of in-memory (RAM-based) databases, accomplished by calling sqlite_open() like so: $sqldb = sqlite_open(”:memory:”); Once open, you can create a table that will reside in memory by calling sqlite_query(), passing in a CREATE TABLE statement. Keep in mind that such tables are volatile, disappearing once the script has finished executing! Closing a Connection Good programming practice dictates that you close pointers to resources once you re finished with them. This maxim holds true for SQLite; once you ve completed working with a database, you should close the open handle. One function, sqlite_close(), accomplishes just this.
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sqlite.assoc_case (0,1,2) Scope: PHP_INI_ALL; Default value: 0 While SQLite uses (and retrieves) column names in exactly the same format in which they appear in the database schema, various other database servers attempt to standardize name formats by always returning them in uppercase letters. This dichotomy can be problematic when porting an application to SQLite, because the column names used in the application may be standardized in uppercase to account for the database server s tendencies. To modify this behavior, you can use the sqlite.assoc_case directive. It determines the case used for retrieved column names. By default, this directive is set to 0, which retains the case used in the table definitions. If it s set to 1, the names will be converted to uppercase. If it s set to 2, the names will be converted to lowercase. Opening a Connection Before you can retrieve or manipulate any data located in an SQLite database, you must first establish a connection. Two functions are available for doing so, sqlite_open() and sqlite_popen(). sqlite_open() resource sqlite_open (string filename [,int mode [,string &error_message]]) The sqlite_open() function opens an SQLite database, first creating the database if it doesn t already exist. The filename parameter specifies the database name. The optional mode parameter determines the access privilege level under which the database will be opened, and is specified as an octal value (the default is 0666) as might be used to specify modes in Unix. Currently, this parameter is unsupported by the API. The optional error_message parameter is actually automatically assigned a value specifying an error if the database could not be opened. If the database is successfully opened, the function returns a resource handle pointing to that database. Consider an example: This either opens an existing database named mydatabase.db, creates a database named mydatabase.db within the directory /home/book/20/, or results in an error, likely because of privilege problems. If you experience problems creating or opening the database, be sure that the user owning the Web server process possesses adequate permissions for writing to this directory. sqlite_popen() resource sqlite_popen (string filename [,int mode [,string &error_message]])
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1. Open a new SQLite database, as follows. Because this database presumably doesn t already exist, the mere act of opening a nonexistent database will first result in its creation. %>sqlite mydatabase.db 2. Create a table: sqlite>create table employee ( …>empid integer primary key, …>name varchar(25), …>title varchar(25)); 3. Check the table structure for accuracy: sqlite>.schema employee Note that a period (.) prefaces the schema command. This syntax requirement holds true for all commands found under the help menu. 4. Insert a few data rows: sqlite> insert into employee values(NULL,”Jason Gilmore”,”Chief Slacker”); sqlite> insert into employee values(NULL,”Sam Spade”,”Technologist”); sqlite> insert into employee values(NULL,”Ray Fox”,”Comedian”); 5. Query the table, just to ensure that all is correct: sqlite>select * from employee; You should see: 1|Jason Gilmore|Chief Slacker 2|Sam Spade|Technologist 3|Ray Fox|Comedian 6. Quit the interface with the following command: sqlite>.quit PHP s SQLite Library The SQLite functions introduced in this section are quite similar to those found in the other PHP-supported database libraries such as MySQL and PostgreSQL. In fact, for many of the functions the name is the only real differentiating factor. If you have a background in PostgreSQL, picking up SQLite should be a snap. Even if you re entirely new to the concept, don t worry; you ll likely find that these functions are extremely easy to use. SQLite Directives One PHP configuration directive is pertinent to SQLite. It s introduced in this section.
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536 CHAPTER 22 SQLITE Installing SQLite As mentioned, SQLite comes bundled with PHP as of version 5.0, including both the database engine and the interface. This means you can take advantage of SQLite without having to install any other software. However, there is one related utility omitted from the PHP distribution, namely sqlite, a command-line interface to the engine. Because this utility is quite useful, consider installing the SQLite library from http://www.sqlite.org/, which includes a copy of the utility. Then configure (or reconfigure) PHP with the –with-sqlite=/path/to/libraryflag. The next section shows you how to use this interface. Windows users need to download the SQLite extension from the following location: http://snaps.php.net/win32/PECL_STABLE/php_sqlite.dll Once downloaded, place this DLL file within the same directory as the others (PHP- INSTALL-DIRext) and add the following line to your php.ini file: php_extension=php_sqlite.dll Note Shortly before press time, PHP 5.1 was released, and with it came a significant change in which SQLite is supported in this and newer versions. According to the developers, users interested in taking advantage of SQLite should consider using PDO in conjunction with the SQLite version 3 driver. See Chapter 23 for more information about PDO. Using the SQLite Command-Line Interface The SQLite command-line interface offers a simple means for interacting with the SQLite database server. With this tool, you can create and maintain databases, execute administrative processes such as backups and scripts, and tweak the client s behavior. Begin by opening a terminal window and executing SQLite with the help option: %>sqlite -help If you ve downloaded SQLite version 3 for Windows, then you need to execute it like so: %>sqlite3 -help In either case, before exiting back to the command line, you ll be greeted with the command s usage syntax and a menu consisting of numerous options. Note that the usage syntax specifies that a filename is required to enter the SQLite interface. This filename is actually the name of the database. When supplied, a connection to this database will be opened, if the executing user possesses adequate permissions. If the supplied database does not exist, it will be created, again if the executing user possesses the necessary privileges. As an example, create a test database named mydatabase.db. This database consists of a single table, employee. In this section, you ll learn how to use SQLite s command-line program to create the database, table, and sample data. Although this section isn t intended as a replacement for the documentation, it should be sufficient to enable you to familiarize yourself with the very basic aspects of SQLite and its command-line interface.
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